Saturday, May 18, 2013

All the best for Prelims 2013


Sorry friends.... i m busy in preparation of exams so unable to post frequently................... i will be back after premils on May, 26th. 

All the best to all of you. Give all you have to the UPSC.

.........and wish me luck :)


Thursday, May 16, 2013

Types of Trade agreements

PTA
  1. Preferential trade agreements
  2. lower customs duty on the products originating from the member countries.
FTA
  1. Free Trade Agreements
  2. It is a special case of PTA where all tariff and non-tariff barriers are abolished
  3. free access is allowed to the products of member countries.
  4. Example NAFTA (among Mexico, US and Canada).
Customs Union
  1. A Customs Union moves beyond a free trade area by establishing a common external tariff on all trade between, members and non-members.
  2. Customs Unions typically contain mechanisms to redistribute tariff revenue among members
  3. Example: Mercosur
Common Market
  1. free flow labour, capital, and output (goods/services) among the members.
  2. Example, SICA (in Central America)
Economic union
  1. members share a common currency and macro-economic policies (Example European Union).
  2. Example, European Union.

HUMAN GENOME PROJECT

HUMAN GENOME PROJECT

The concept of genomics began with the concept of Human Genome Project in the mid 1980s. The $3 billion project-The Human Genome organization (HUGO) was set up in 1990 to co-ordinate the work of scientists in a number of countries-the USA, Japan, UK, France, Germany, Canada, Israel, Russia, Italy and others- in a project to map all of the genes on human chromosomes. The Human Genome Project started on 1st Oct, 1990 in US to map and sequence the complete set of human chromosomes, as well as those of some of the model organisms.

According to a 1986 report submitted by Department of Energy (USA) " The ultimate goal of this initiative is to understand the human genome" and "knowledge" of the human genome is as necessary to the continuing progress of medicine and other health sciences as knowledge of human anatomy has been for the present state of medicine." 

The funding for this project came from the US government through the National Institutes of Health, USA and a UK charity organization, The Wellcome Trust (which funded the Sanger Institute in Great Britain), and some other groups around the world.

The aim of the Human Genome Project was to identify all the genes (approx. 25,000) in human DNA and to determine the sequence of the three billion chemical base pairs that make up human DNA. Efforts were made to create databases to store this information and develop tools to do comprehensive data analysis.

Another important aspect of this project was the decision taken to address the ethical, legal and social issues arising as a outcome of this project. In order to have comparative data, research work was carried out simultaneously on three other organisms namely bacteria- E.Coli, the fruit fly-Drosophila melanogaster, and laboratory mouse.

Another big step forward was the transfer of the technology to the private sector. This approach lead to tremendous progress in the biotechnological field in the later years. The procedure adopted involved the breaking down of genomes into smaller pieces approximately 150,000 base pairs in length also known as BACs or "bacteria artificial chromosomes". They can be inserted into bacteria where they are copied by the bacterial DNA replication. These pieces are then sequenced separately as a small "shotgun" project and then assembled. The larger (150,000 base pairs) together create chromosomes. This is known as "the Hierarchical shotgun" approach because in this method first the genome is broken into relatively large chunks, which are then mapped to chromosomes before being selected for sequencing.

Every individual has a unique gene sequence therefore the data published by the Human Genome Project does not essentially represent the exact sequence of each and every individual’s genome. The results represent the combined genome of a small number of anonymous donors. In order to have more information about the human genome project, the readers can visit the following web site:www.ornl.gov/techresources/Human_Genome/home.shtml

The Impact of Human Genome Project

After the human genome project the world has changed and it is going to change even more. The Human Genome project is going to impact our lives in a tremendous way. It took 15 years and about 4 billions US dollars to sequence the human genome which was completed in 2003. There are 4 bases in the DNA. A,T, G, C and if we add them up then the total is approx 3 billion. Further, the average gene consists of 3000 bases, and the sizes vary greatly. The largest known human gene is dystrophin about 2.4 million bases. The total number of genes is estimated at around 30,000. Almost all (99.9%) nucleotide bases are exactly the same in all people. So far the functions of over 50% of discovered genes are unknown.  Chromosome 1 has the most genes about 2968, and the Y chromosome has the fewest (231) as chromosome 1 is the longest and Y chromosome is the smallest. The Human Genome Project also revealed that genes appear to be concentrated in random areas along the genome, with vast expanses of non coding DNA between. Stretches of up to 30,000 C and G bases repeating over and over often occur adjacent to gene-rich areas, forming a barrier between the genes and the "junk DNA." These CpG islands are believed to help regulate gene activity. The ratio of germ line (sperm or egg cell) mutations is 2:1 in males v/s females.  Researchers point to several reasons for the higher mutation rate in the male germ line, including the greater number of cell divisions required for sperm formation than for eggs.

The information that was revealed by the Human Genome Project can be used to improve diagnosis of disease. The risk associated with genetic predisposition to diseases can be calculated and based on the results new strategies can be used to treat these diseases such as gene therapy, customized drugs based on individual patients genetic profiles. The information from Human genome Project is also being used in microbial Genomics to detect and treat pathogens, use microorganisms in bio-remediation where environment can be monitored to detect pollution levels and clean up toxic waste. New energy sources as biofuels are also being developed. 

With the help of Genome Sequencing machines, it is now possible to sequence a genome in a record period of time. The human genome is about 3 giga bases and with the present available models of the Genome Sequencing machine, it is possible to sequence 200 giga bases in a week’s time. As far as the price of sequencing is concerned, the price of sequencing a base has already fallen 100 million times. A few years back, it was used to cost $100,000, today it is $1000 and in the coming years it is going to be  $100.

 The world’ s capacity to sequence the human genome is something like 50,000 to 100, 000 human genomes this year. This is based on the present model of the machines available. This is going to double, triple or quadruple year over year. In fact, the Beijing Genomics Institute is far ahead then others with a capacity that is almost 20% of the total genome sequencing capacity of the world. The sequencing of the genes is continuously giving us valuable information regarding human health and treatment of diseases that were difficult to understand and therefore had no cure. The most important being Cancer hitherto still with no cure. It has been possible to correlate the relation between the deletion of TP 53 gene and occurrence of cervical and breast cancer. If there happens to be a deletion mutation in this gene, there is almost 90% chance of getting cancer in these individuals.  If one can get the genetic test done, and if they have the same deletions, the family or the individual can go for regular screenings to catch the cancer early.

There is other very interesting information getting revealed, such as explaining marital infidelity due to the presence of “Cheating genes.” Already there are labs to tests for allele 334 of the AVPR1 gene that is also called “Cheating gene”. This test is being used to find out the compatibility between the couples which in turn will help to lower down the divorce rates and emotional trauma caused due to broken relationships. Arginine vasopressin receptor 1 A (AVPR1A) is one of the three major receptor types, others being AVPR1B and AVPR2, for arginine vasopressin which is present through out the brain, liver, and kidney. Variation in the gene for one of the receptors for the hormone vasopressin is reported to be associated with the bonding of human males with their partners/spouses. It was reported that the 334 allele of a common AVPR1A variation seemed to have negative effects on the men’s relationship with their spouses.

"Our findings are particularly interesting because they show that men who are in a relatively stable relationship of five years of more who have one or two copies of allele 334 appear to be less bonded to their partners than men with other forms of this gene," says Jenae Neiderhiser, Professor of psychology, Penn State. "We also found that the female partners of men with one or two copies of allele 334 reported less affection, consensus and cohesion in the marriage, but interestingly, did not report lower levels of marital satisfaction than women whose male partners had no copies of allele 334." 

The prospect of using the genome as a universal diagnostic is upon us today. Just like other diagnostic tools being used in the hospitals, very soon we are going to have Whole Genome sequencing machines in the pathology labs as routine healthcare tools.

It means is that everybody who is alive today can live an extra 5, 10, 20 years. Very soon, we will have our entire genome copy on a pen drive or on the laptop with an easy access to your personal physician or family doctor. The doctor by looking at your genome can do the risk assessment for you as to which diseases you are prone to due to your genes. This assessment will help the doctor to suggest precautions and preventions and early interventions that will not only ultimately save millions of lives but also increase the life span of individuals.


Beyond Human Genome…….

The International HAP MAP Project

After sequencing the Human Genome, the next goal on which the biotechnologists and researchers are working is to map the SNPs in the entire genome, which is known as “HAP map”. This is a $ 100 M public- private effort, which will take almost 3 years to complete. The project involves collecting DNA samples from the blood samples of researchers from Nigeria, Japan, China and US. The aim is to create the next generation map of the human genome. This information is going to help us understand the .1% (100-99.9) difference that makes humans different from each other. These differences are due to Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms.  By locating the SNPs a Haplotype is created. A Haplotype is a set of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on a single chromosome pair that are statistically associated. A Haplotype has also been defined as a combination of alleles (DNA sequence) at adjacent locations on the chromosomes that are transmitted together. A haplotype could be one locus, several loci, or an entire chromosome depending on the number of recombination events that have occurred between a given set of loci. The identification of a few alleles of a haplotype block can identify all other polymorphic sites in its region. This information will help to understand the genetics behind the common diseases.
The findings of the Human genome project, has opened vistas for new fields such as “Systems Biology” which explores life at the ultimate level. The whole organism is taken in to consideration instead of individual components such as single genes or proteins. This novel approach combines DNA sequences with advanced technologies to study how proteins carry out all the activities of a living cell.
Besides this the novel field of Consumer Genetics is going to define the business model and commercial enterprises. Consumer Genetics is now being used to customize personal care and nutritional supplement products. You can get skin care and supplements customized to meet the needs of your DNA. The Life insurance policy is going to be based on your personal genome copy.
One of the other products, fungi, is being also used as a rich source of protein. Since 1960s, a European bread producer spent over $45 million on a fungus that can be formed into acceptable food substitutes and started its commercial production in early 1984. For example a mycoprotein (protein derived from fungi), Fusarium graminearum which is a mold related to mushrooms and truffles. It is odorless and tasteless and contains about 45% protein, and 13% fat with a dietary composition same as beef. This mycoprotein has an amino acid content that is close to that recommended by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations as “ideal” for human consumption.

Thursday, May 09, 2013

Ancient Indian Cities


Harappa
  • The Great Granary measuring 1 69 ft x 3 5 feet is the largest and the most remarkable structure found at Harappa. 
  • So far 891 seals have been recovered from Harappa, and that is 40% of the total number of seals belonging to Indus Valley Civilization that have been found. 
  • A red sandstone naked male torso has been found, which shows traces of Jainism Between the granary and the citadel, have also been found a series of circular platforms, probably for the pounding of grain 
  • At a lower level below the granary, platforms and the citadel were crowded one-room dwellings, which suggest slave habitats. 
Mohenjodaro 
  • In Sindhi language, the word Mohenjodaro means mound of the dead’.
  • It is the largest of all Indus cities 
  • The Great Bath is the most important public place, measuring 39 feet (length) X 23 feet (breadth) X 8 feet (depth). Located at the center of the citadel, it is remarkable for beautiful brickwork Its floor is made of burnt bricks set in gypsum and mortar. It must have served as a ritual-bathing site
  • Remains have been found of an oblong multi-pillared assembly hall and a big rectangular building, which must have served administrative purposes.
  • Most of Mohenjodaro houses are built of kiln-fired brick
  • The major streets are 33 feet wide and run north-south, intersecting subordinate ones, running east-west at right angles. 
  • The evidence of Indian ships (figured on a seal) and a piece of woven cloth has been discovered from here
  • There is a large granary consisting of podium of square blocks of burnt-bricks with a wooden superstructure
  • Parallel rows of two-roomed cottages found The workmen or poor sections Of the society perhaps used these cottages.
  • Abronzedancinggirl,steatitestatueof a priest and a seal bearing Pashupati have been found here
  • It is important to remember that Mohenjodaro shows nine levels of occupation towering over 300 feet above the present flood plain
  • Excavation reveals that the city was flooded More than seven times
Kalibangan 
  • Has pre-Harappan as well as Harappan cultural phases.
  • Less developed compared to Mohenjodaro 
  • There is evidence of mud-brick fortification
  • Pre-Harappan phase here shows that the fields were ploughed unlike the Harappan period.
  • Archaeologists have discovered two platforms (within the citadel) with fire altars suggesting the practice of cult sacrifice
  • The existence of wheel conveyance is proved by a cartwheel having a single hub
Chanhudaro 
  • Only Indus city without a citadel.
  • Existence of Pre-Harappan as well as Harappan cultural phase
  • A small pot was discovered here, which was probably an ink pot.
  • Excavations reveal that people of Chanhudaro were expert craftsmen. Archaeologists have discovered here metalworkers’, shell-ornament makers’ and bead-makers’ shops
  • The city was twice destroyed by inundations.Here more extensive but indirect evidenceof super-imposition of a barbarian lifestyle is seen Banwali 
  • Like Kalibangan, Amri, Kot Diji and Harappa, Banwali also saw two cultural phases - pre-Harappan and Harappan.
  • Human and animal figures, clay bangles and statue of mother Goddess found here.
  • Here we find large quantity of barely, sesamum and mustard. 
Surkotada 
  • Excavations reveal a citadel and a lower town, both of which were fortified.
  • It is the only Indus site where the remains of a horse have actually been round.
Kot Diji 
  • Pre-Harappan and Harappan phases found. 
  • According to excavations, the city was probably destroyed due to fire
  • Wheel made painted pottery, traces of a defensive wall and well-aligned streets, knowledge of metallurgy, artistic toys etc.
  • Five figurines of Mother Goddess discovered
Ropar 
  • The excavations have yielded five-fold sequence of cultures — Harappan, PGW, NBP, Kushana-Gupta and Medieval.
  • The evidence of burying a dog below the human burial is very interesting
  • One example of rectangular mudbrick ‘chamber was noticed.
Dholavira 
  • It is the latest and one of the two largest Harappan settlements in India, the other being Rakhigarhi in Haryana
  • The other Harappan towns were divided into two parts — Citadel and the Lower Town, but Dholavira was divided into three principal divisions, two of which were strongly protected by rectangular fortifications.
  • There are two inner enclosures — the first one hemmed in the citadel (which probably housed the highest authority)and the second one protected the middle town (meant for the close relatives of the rulers and other 
  • officials). The existence of this middle town, apart from the lower town, is the real exclusive feature of this city.
Lothal 
  • Only Indus site with an artificial brick dockyard. It must have served as the main seaport of the Indus people It was surrounded by a massive brick wall, probably as flood protection.
  • Lothal has evidence for the earliest cultivation of rice (1800 BC) The only other Indus site where rice husk has been found is Rangpur near Ahmedabad.
  • Fire altars, indicating the probable existence of a fire cult, have been found
  • A doubtful terracotta figurine of horse is found here

NATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION


The National Human Rights Commission is a statutory body in India which came into existence through the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993 and came into force in 1994.  The protection of Human Rights Act, 1993 provides for setting up the National Human Rights Commission at the centre as well as one commission each at the state level.


COMPOSITION OF NHRC
Chairperson - Hon’ble Justice Shri S.Rajendra Babu
Members - Hon’ble Dr. Justice Shivraj V. Patil Hon’ble Justice Y. Bhaskar Rao, Shri. R.S.Kalha, Shri. P.C. Sharma
Ex-officio-Members - Chairman, National Minorities Commission Chairman, National Commission for Women, Chairman, National Commis-sion for SCs & STs.
  • The National Human Rights Commission is designed to protect human rights, defined as rights relating to life, liberty, equality and dignity of the individual guaranteed by the constitution or embodied in the International Covenant and which are enforceable by the Courts in India.

Composition 
  • National Human Rights Commission consists of a chairman and four members, all of them being full-time 
  • members.
  • Apart from there full-time members, the commission also has its deemed members as the chairpersons of the National Commission for minorities, the National Commission for SCs and STs and the National Commission for women.
  • The multi-membership is intended to rainforce the independence and impartiality of the commission of the five members including the chairperson, three are to possess high-level judicial background and the remaining must have knowledge of or practical experience in matters relating to Human Rights.
  • The Chairman of NHRC must be a former Chief Justice of India.
Functioning of NHRC 
  • NHRC can intervene in any legal proceedings involving an allegation of violation of Human Rights.
  • It can visit, with the prior approval of the State Government, any jail to study the living conditions of the inmates and make recommendations.
  • It can review the safeguards provided by or under the constitution or any law for the protection of Human Rights and recommend measures for their effective implementation.
  • The Commission also reviews the factors including acts of terrorism, that inhibit the enjoyment of Human Rights and recommends remedial measures.
  • NHRC also undertakes and promotes research in the field of Human Rights.
  • If encourages the NGOs working in the field of Human Rights.
Autonomy of the NHRC 
  • Appointment of its numbers for fixed tenure.
  • The Chairperson and the members is of the commission are appointed by the president on the bass of recommendations of a committee comprising the Prime Minister as the Chairperson, the Speaker of the Lok Sabha, the Home Minister, the leader of the opposition in the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha and the Deputy Chairperson of the Rajya Sabha as members. 

UNHRC


  1. The United Nations Human Rights Council was founded in 2005. It was founded to replace the United Nations Commission on Human Rights.
  2. UNHRC is a subsidiary body of the United Nations General Assembly and reports directly to it.
  3. UNHRC has fifty-three members out of total members of the United Nations General Assembly. Its members are elected by simple majority in a secret ballot of the United Nations General Assembly. Its Members are elected for the term of six years.
  4. UNHRC has its headquarter at Geneva.
  5. UNHRC can appoint independent experts to investigate alleged human rights abuses and to provide the council reports.
  6. UNHRC may request that the Security Council take action when human right violations occurs, this action may be direct action, or may involve sanctions and Security Council may also refer cases to the International Criminal Court (ICC).
  7. Besides UNHRC. Amnesty International and Red Cross Society also works for the protection and pro-motion  of human rights internationally

CHILD LABOUR: PROVISIONS & PROGRAMMES

  1. Art-24, Prohibition of Employment of Children in hazardous Industries.
  2. Art-21A, Right to Education to the children of 6-14 years age group was made fundamental right by 86th constitutional amendment.
  3. Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986.
  4. National Child Labour Policy, 1987.
  5. National Child Labour Projects, 1988.
The Child Labour (Prohibition & Regulation) Act, 1986 was enacted by the government to curb the child labour. It contains the following provisions -
  1. It prohibits employment of children in 13 occupations and 57 processes.
  2. Under the Act, a Technical advisory committee is to be constituted to advice for inclusion of further occupations and processes.
  3. The Act regulate the conditions of employments in all occupations and processes not prohibited under the Act.
  4. Any person who employs any child in contravention of the provisions of the Act is liable for punishment with 
  5. imprisonment for a term which shall not be less than three months but which may extend to one year or with fine which shall not be less than Rs. 10,000 or many extend to Rs. 20,000 or both.
  6. The Central and State Governments enforce the provisions of the Act in their spheres

  • The Government of India announced in August, 1987. The National Policy on Child Labour, which contains the action plan for tackling the problem of child labour and envisages a legislative action plan.
  • National Child Labour Project Scheme (NCLP) was started by the Government of India in 1988, in pursuance of the National Child Labour Policy of 1987.
  • In this scheme a sequential approach was adopted with focusing on rehabilitation of children working in hazardous occupations and processes in the first instance.
  • Under the scheme after a survey of child labour engaged in hazardous occupations and processes has been conducted, children are to be withdrawn from these occupations and processes and then put into special schools in order to enable them to be mainstreamed into formal education.
  • Xth Five Year Plan had adopted a strategy for elimination of child labour by linking the child labour elimination efforts with the scheme of Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan of the MHRD.
  • Indus project on the elimination of child labour is a jointly funded project by the Ministry of Labour the Government of India and the Department of Labour, USA.
  • Indus project is implemented in ten hazardous sectors in 21 districts across five states, Maharashtra, M.P., T.N., U.P. and Rajasthan.
  • 80,000 children are to be withdrawn and rehabilitated in Indus Project.

Wednesday, May 08, 2013

General Chemistry Notes



  1. Ammonia is manufactured by the Haber Process
  2. Full Name of TNT, an explosive is Trinitrotoluene
  3. Trinitrophenol, which is used as an explosive and antiseptic is also known as Picric Acid.
  4. Nessler’s Reagent is used for the test of Ammonia and Ammonium Salt. It gives brown precipitates
  5. Nitric Acid ( HNO3) is manufactured by Electric Arc Process.
  6. The process of Petroleum refining is called as a fractional distillation
  7. There are various products having different boiling points which are obtained during fractional distillation. At a boiling point of 30 to 70 celcius there is Petroleum Ether which is used as solvent for drycleaning. At a boiling point of 70 to 120 degrees celcius, there is Petrol or gasoline which is used as a motor fuel and general solvent. At a boiling point of 120 to 150 degrees celcius, there is Benzoline which is also a solvent. Then there is Kerosene at 150 to 300 degrees celcius which is used as an illuminant and as a fuel. And Finally above 300 degrees celcius as boiling point, we have Lubricating oil, vasaline and paraffin wax which are used as lubricant, grease and wax. 
  8. Petrol is obtained by a process called cracking. In this process kerosene and crude oil are broken up into low boiling point hydrocarbons such as Octane and Heptane. 
  9. To prevent knocking in petrol engine, an antiknock agent such as Tetraethyl lead is added. Now in lead free oils it is not used as it also harms catalytic converters.
  10. Iron commonly have three forms, first form which is the crudest form is cast iron containing 2 to 5 percent carbon. Then there is steel which has 0.15 to 1.5% of carbon. Wrought iron is the purest form of iron having 0.12 to 0.25 percent of carbon. 
  11. On exposure to moist air, in the presence of carbon dioxide, iron is converted into brown hydrated iron oxide ( Fe2O3. 10 H2O). This process is called rusting. 
  12. Stainless steel contains 13% chromium.
  13. Acids are generally sour, turn blue litmus red and generally give hydrogen with metals. 
  14. An acid is a substance which furnishes H+ ion on dissolving with water. It is proton donor and an electon acceptor. 
  15. Bases react with Acids to produce salt and water. They turn red litmus blue. They are also called alkalies eg. NaOH.
  16. A base is defined as proton acceptor and an electron donor. 
  17. pH is negative logarithm of H ions. pH of neutral solutions is 7. For acidic solutions, pH is between 0 and 7 and for alkaline solutions it is between 7-14.
  18. Metals occur in nature as chemical compounds called minerals. If these minerals are used as the starting material for extracting the metal, they are called ores.

Money, Banking and Stock Market



  1. Money is a standard unit of measurement for economic Magnitudes
  2. It also represent cash balance that a household has. The reason that cash balances are required serve three purposes: transaction, precautionary, speculative.
  3. Money is also medium of exchange and a temporary store of value.
  4. Money is defined in two ways, Narrow Money – M1 ( Currency with Public + Demand Deposits with the banks  + Other deposits with RBI) and Broad Money ( M1+ Time deposits with banks)
  5. In 2011, M1 in India was 16.3 Trillion Rupees and Broad Money was 65 Trillian Rupees.
  6. In Barter system, a person could exchange a good with another system only if the other person required that good. This matching of mutual demands for a barter exchange is called “double coincidence of wants.


How Banks earn a profit
They earn a profit due to three tendencies of depositers:
  • When people deposit money in a bank, they do not withdraw their money immediately.
  • When they withdraw money, they do not withdraw in full
  • People do not withdraw money simultaneously with others.
  1. Hence bank keeps aside a portion of the initial cash deposit ( primary deposit) of an account holder and lends the remaining amount to a firm, on the condition that the firm opens an account in the bank, in which the money loaned is deposited. This creates an additional deposit- a secondary deposit with the bank, for which no new cash was actually deposited in the bank. Once again using the same three assumptions, the bank lends the remaining amount to yet another firm. Thereby bank creates deposits which are much larger than the initial deposits. This multiple creation of credit and deposit allows banks to charge interest on loans and profit.
  2. A bank may turn greedy and keep a low portion as cash. To prevent this, RBI sets a minimum limits on the cash reserve maintained by banks. This min. limit is called the Cash Reserve Ratio ( CRR) (Varies from 3 to 20 %).
  3. RBI also stipulates that bank maintain a certain amount of their deposit liabilities in the form of secure investments- government securities, gold or cash. This is called SLR ( Varies from 20-39%).
  4. In India deposit holders are ensured up to a max of Rs. 1 Lakh each in case there is a bank failure.

Tuesday, May 07, 2013

RTGS and NEFT Fund Transfers


The two options NEFT ( National Electronic Funds Transfer) and RTGS (Real-Time Gross Settlement) offered by the RBI allow electronic transfer of funds from the remitter, who has an account in one bank, to the beneficiary, who has an account in any other bank/branch. The transfer can be carried out using the Internet banking facility.

Activation
The facility for making third-party payment using Internet banking should be activated for conducting transactions through NEFT or RTGS.

Beneficiary
The person to whom the payment is to be made needs to be added as a 'beneficiary' and his bank account details provided in order to transfer the funds. These include the name of the beneficiary account holder, account number, bank and branch name, and the IFSC code of the beneficiary bank branch.

Processing
The bank requires 12-24 hours for authenticating the details of the beneficiary. After this is done, the new beneficiary is activated and the funds can be transferred to the specified account.

Transfer
Select the type of transfer option (NEFT or RTGS), beneficiary name, amount, and the reason/description of transfer. On submission of the details and the security transaction password, the transfer instruction is processed. The NEFT transfer takes place in batches and the RTGS transfer is carried out on a real-time basis.

Points to note:
  • The minimum amount that can be transferred by RTGS is Rs 2 lakh. There is no such limit for transfer through NEFT.
  • NEFT is settled in batches at times defined by the RBI. RTGS transactions are settled continuously as and when they are put through.
  • The transfer of funds through NEFT and RTGS can also be carried out by submitting the remittance form at the remitter's bank branch.

UPSC Civil Servises 2012 Results

RankRoll No.Name
175502Haritha V Kumar
2494891Sriram V
338970Stuti Charan
472170Alby John Varghese
521963Ruchika Katyal
6522630Arun Thamburaj A
7490683T Prabhushankar
829178Vandana
9318892Chandni Singh
1022927Ashish Gupta
1111131Mayur Dixit
12149403Raghvendra Singh
1333417Rahul
141123Debasweta Banik
15114849Diwegaonkar Kaustubh C
16263075K Shashanka
1740596Ankita Chakravarty
18446782Tanu Priya
19284217Apurva Dubey
20227629Priyanka Niranjan
21464985Raj Kamal Yadav
22365887Harpreet Singh Sudan
2335545Syed Sehrish Asgar
24127188Aswathi S
25313380Dharmendra Kumar
26281143Ajit
2723808Ananya Agarwal
283364Yogendra Singh
2920914Agre Kshipra Suryakantrao
30169875Avinash Menon Rajendran
315254Naveen Aggarwal
3245065Rajendra K V
33454263Soumya Gupta
34503464Vijaya K
35149811Nathmal Didel
364988Sonia Meena
3776801Gayathri Krishnan B
38443641Selvamani R
39470602Shailaza Sharma
40436965Manish Kumar
4166391Showkat Ahmad Parray
42133605Namrata Gandhi
4311049Aryaka Akhoury
44119727Srijana G
4510359Amanbir Singh Bains
4679188Mullai Muhilan M P
4726901Pattanshetti Ravi Subash
4828202Harsh Dikshit
49943Rishi Garg
50166080Rajani Singh
51206612Nitin Singhania
52293671Deepa Agrawal
5338335Somesh Mishra
54151734Kana Ram
55268364J Meghanatha Reddy
56133144Vineeth S
579511Aman Gupta
58160688Shitanshu Chaurasiya
59225641Parth Gupta
60342783Kumari Sangeeta Tetarwal
61211527Priyank Mishra
62184347Namrata Vrishni
63146779K Manjulekshmi
6492914Anjali
651122Suraj Kumar
66402016Akanksha Ranjan
6716178Mayank Agrawal
68177238Divya Mittal
69199043Girish Kumar Mishra
70138930Navdeep Shukla
71399313Satyendra Kumar
72105245Ajeet Vasant
73274460Raghav Sharma
74287145Anuj Singh
75464609Yashas R
763588Ramesh Ranjan
77123518Snehal R
7811079Tapasya Raghav
79156968Vikas Kundal
8073567Kriti Garg
8192337Shubham Saxena
8264118Shruti Ojha
8317500Mansi Loiwal
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803276475M Renuka
8048469Battula Gangadhar
80545278Lakshmi K
8067091Barchaswa
8076036Patil Chinmay Prabhakar
808276404Sidharth
809318503Shyam Lal Regar
810351330Geetanjali Sagar
811422090Siddharth Shankar Meena
81248151Cheshta Yadav
81356299Puneet Bijaraniya
81439483M Arun Prasad
815205996Bonnie Debbarma
816157526Shashi Pratap Singh
817313880Abinaya Nishanthini B
8183546Sudhagaran C
819178685Ramniwas Yadav
82060296Ruveda Salam
821357715Simranjeet Singh
822419706Aswini Prasad
823400387Gavhal Nitin Ramesh
824355132Vinod Kumar Laxkar
825223489Hammad Zafar
82692510Surjeet Singh
827299519Daya Shankar
82894278Agawane Sunil Kisan
8296576Vishal Sharma
830448467Guneet Kaur
831198810Suresh Kataria
832107536Harsh Siddarth Gautam
833202697Yogesh Kumar
834174543Mamta Singh
8359385Kunwar Bhushan Singh
836274029Chhatrapati Kiran Khemchandbha
837174429Yangchen Dolkar Bhutia
838176558Devender Singh
839141761Sunny Kachhwaha
840316774Kamble Minal Mohan
841376530Arjit Sen Thakur
842424621Sadnek Singh
843370984Ranjit Kaur
8443938Suneel Anchipaka
845301028Pawar Narsing Sambhaji
846256794G Latchana
84729571Balram Meena
8484598Jagmohan Meena
8491038Santosh Kumar
850161206Bhanwar Lal Meena
851125185Pooja Garbiyal
852152934Ranveer Singh Tanwer
85380493Jimmy Chiram
854135101Sharda Meena
855238050Amitkumar Nikalje
856333382Kunal Haver
857379877Ngahanyui Zimik
858459680Pinky Baskey
859441262Koteswara Rao Nalavath
86016870Amuldeep Kaur
861378527H S Sundeep Kumar
8629693Ashwani Kumar Singal
86355856Sanjiv Kumar
864167366Saurabh Singh
86536272Narendra Kumar
86657900Lokender Singh
86711389Eric C Lallawmpuia
868304345Lakhavath Suresh
86949857Visakh K
870197089Shobhna Meena
871333792Vinikupu H Arkha
872483923T Imliwabang Kubzar
873203492Harsha Bhanu G P
874319792Jumin Kamki
875376355Rubal Singh
876414495K Mahipal Chandra
877414201Sunita Verma
878195577Jyotika
879170251Surendar Paul K
880202757Manoj Kumar Meena
88163629Sunil Kumar Rajwanshi
882110777Daribha Lyndem
883365568Nagwe Balu Bapurao
884152956Naresh Bundel
885284880K Themreingam Rainam
88632572Ukey Ashwinkumar Dhanrup
88789815Nitika Gahlaut
88841460Nayan
889398505Anusuya M
890322156Krishnenthu Raja Mintoo P S
891394329Dharm Singh Meena
892134850Surendra Kumar Meena
893374413Anand Prakash
894356446Niharika Lakha
895317052Abhishek Singh
896318669Sachin Rana
897174010Praveen Kumar
89837427Tara Chand
899172210Dharmraj Khatik
900380128Manjunath A Kanamadi
901311888Ramesh Bharathi K S
9028274Iftakhar Ahmed Chowdhry
90372175Manoj Prabhakar
904143574Kripa Shanker Meena
905219433Lalrinpuii Hrahsel
90658625Vivek Sambharya
907239335Mahesh Chandra Saini
908156808Radhe Tallo
90928812Kamble Prakash Satyawan
910128498Ramesh Kumar Verma
911177404Salunke Durgesh Yadav
91217141S Jayavardhan
913120675Jai Prakash
91421769Mukesh Kumar Bramhane
9156308Bipin Kumar Ahirwar
91681426Anuj Kumar
917444927Siva Prasad Yellasiri
918359092Stefi S
91921458Gorase Prasad Dattatraya
920111246Samuel S Vaiphei
921371408Manisha Jat
92217177Amit Verma
923177798Amarjot
924113777Prashanthkumar Ch
925138570Shreerangam Haritash
926381509Bharathkumar M
92776620Diana Bala
928137836Priyati Kawdo
929378301Shubham Singh
930483023Sandesh M
93121810Khandare Piyush Baliram
932417394Monika
93368659Dharm Raj Meena
93411290Amit Singh
93528742Ajay Gautam
936359330Ranjeeta
937212652Kalmeshwar Shingenavar
93875696Raju
9394421Lote Vinit Babasaheb
940275299Siva Shankar K M
941381733Gaurav
94261733Manish Sehrawat
94383627Ajeet Kumar Meena
944203316Meet Kumar
945487811Rsri Balaji
946143935Rakesh Bhadadiya
947375141B Prasantha Kumar
948238613Raut Manish Mahendra
9493857Ravi Kiran
95071940Bishan Singh
951439748Shete Motilal Sahadev
952117830Solanki Jyantilal Khodabhai
9536383Soumya
954470311Mukesh Rajora
955352195Ashish Dhania
95613963Prateek Singh Meena
957180729Vikram A Doddamani
958431688Pranay Singh
959441596K P Jeyakar
96058878Banavath Punnam Kumar
9618310Shikha Semwal
962190487Chavan Pravin Mohandas
963121582Jainandan Khadse
964395026Stalin B
9653531Anubhav Singh
96665326Vijay S
96718723Kalyan Revella
968966V Babuji Thokala
96975191Satish Kumar Tegta
970133634Sudhakar
97141269K Lalbiakchhunga
97234654J Himendranath
973127309Gurpreet Singh
974346606Kiran Kumar K
975401636Rajesh Kumar Meena
976182325Basapuram Jayanna Krupakar
97720982Hans Raj Singh
978445251Rakesh Chandra Kalasagar M
97914628Bhuprabha Biswas
980263068Ambaliya Aniruddh Pitambarbhai
981461Saurabh Jorawal
98215276Vijay
9831389Tojum Gongo
98410110Joel G Haokip
98575411Bhanu Priya Meena
986464037Pasale Naganath Bhimarao
98727342Ramji Kethavathu
988470016Kalai Selvi A
98919298Poonam Meena
99010145Hariom Meena
99126960Thejaselhou Yhome
992280353Sapan Kumar
993202599Swaraj Pradhan
99465227Sanjay Singh
99520985Jadhavar Vishwas Haridas
996494097Ashutosh Kumar Singh
997417893Chanchal Kumar Tiwari
998280461Bhapkar Snehal Purushottam

Roll No. of Provisional candidates

Result of 92 candidates with following RollNumbers is provisional:
35543029269846100960176558239976311971381786448467
51213626569877110777177404257667317052383929470016
83103627269926111790194229260355317267383960471057
95113848273028121582194660262285318892395334474265
101664506575191123378194880274029328327399313
112884527875908128498198220276404356446416560
168704708484575137836203316280353357194421968
177064713790198141761204347293624365568436965
209854759694082142218214179301028376355441262
2349558625100218153702238050307349378527444927
3024865227100292174429239335308293380128445251

Category wise Actual Vacancies

Gen550
OBC295
SC169
ST77
Total1091

Servicewise Vacancies

ServiceTotalGenOBCSCST
IAS18094452813
IFS3016950
IPS15075412311
Group A central Services*6303231728924
Group B Central Servies*1014228247
Total109155029516955
*This includes 34 vacancies for physically challenged candidates in Central Services Group “A”& “B”.

Recruited: Actual numbers

RecruitedIncluding PH within category
General (including 23 PH)45723
OBC29509
SC16902
ST770
Total99834

Waitlisted

Commission is maintaining a consolidated Reserve List of 184 candidates below the last recommended candidate under respective category.
Gen92
OBC75
SC11
ST6
Total184

Marksheets

  • Marks will be availbe on UPSC’s official website within 15 days.

Contact details of UPSC office

  • telephone Nos. 23385271 / 23381125 / 23098543.
  • working days between 1000 hours to 1700 hours.

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